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Some experts have warned that bribing children to eat healthy foods can be counter-productive, undermining their intrinsic motivation and actually increasing disliking. Lucy Cookeand colleagues have found no evidence for this in their new large-scale investigation of the issue. They conclude that rewards could be an effective way for parents to improve their children's diet. '...rewarding children for tasting an initially disliked food produced sustained increases in acceptance, with no negative effects on liking,' they said.
Over four hundred four- to six-year-olds tasted six vegetables, rated them for taste and then ranked them in order of liking. Whichever was their fourth-ranked choice became their target vegetable. Twelve times over the next two weeks, most of these children were presented with a small sample of their target vegetable and encouraged to eat it. Some of them were encouraged with the reward of a sticker, others with the reward of verbal praise, while the remainder received no reward (a mere exposure condition). A minority of the children formed a control group and didn't go through an intervention of any kind.
After the two-week period, all the intervention children showed equal increases in their liking of their target vegetable compared with the control children. However, when given the chance to eat as much of it as they wanted (knowing there was no chance of reward), the kids who had previously earned stickers chose to eat more than the kids who'd just been repeatedly exposed to the vegetable without reward.
At one- and three-month follow-up, the intervention children's increased liking of their target vegetable was sustained regardless of the specific condition they'd been in. However, in terms of increased consumption (when given the opportunity to eat their target vegetable, knowing no reward would be forthcoming), only the sticker and verbal praise children showed sustained increases.
So, how come previous studies have claimed that bribery can undermine children's intrinsic motivation, actually leading to increases in disliking of foods? Cooke and her colleagues think this may be because past lab studies have often targeted foods that children already rather liked. Consistent with this explanation, it's notable that past community studies that reported the successful use of rewards targeted unpopular vegetables just as this study did.
An important detail of the current study is that verbal praise was almost as effective as tangible reward. 'Social reward might be particularly valuable in the home,' the researchers said, 'because it may help parents avoid being accused of unfairness in offering incentives to a fussy child but not to the child's siblings.'
參考譯文：
有些專(zhuān)家說(shuō)，用賄賂的方法誘使小孩吃素，不但沒(méi)能讓他們變得喜歡吃，反而降低了他們的內(nèi)部動(dòng)機(jī)，適得其反。但是Lucy Cooke和她的同事在一個(gè)新的有關(guān)該問(wèn)題的大規(guī)模調(diào)查研究中，并沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)支持這個(gè)說(shuō)法的證據(jù)。他們的結(jié)論是，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)能幫助父母使他們孩子的飲食得到改善。他們說(shuō)，“用獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)使小孩吃原先不喜歡的食物，實(shí)際上能讓他們慢慢喜歡上吃他們，而且并不會(huì)對(duì)它們的喜好產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。”
超過(guò)四百個(gè)四到六歲的小孩參與了研究。品嘗六種蔬菜之后，要求他們?cè)u(píng)估其味道并按喜好程度排序，選取被他們排在第四位的那種蔬菜作為其“目標(biāo)蔬菜”。接下來(lái)兩周的十二次試驗(yàn)，大多數(shù)孩子面對(duì)少量 “目標(biāo)蔬菜”并被鼓勵(lì)食用之。一些孩子以貼紙或口頭獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)作為食用“目標(biāo)蔬菜”的獎(jiǎng)賞，而剩下的則沒(méi)有獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)（只是給他們暴露在這些蔬菜中）。另外少數(shù)沒(méi)有接受任何干預(yù)的小孩組成對(duì)照組。
兩周后，“對(duì)照組小孩”和所有那些“受干預(yù)小孩 ”同等表現(xiàn)出了對(duì)其“目標(biāo)蔬菜”喜愛(ài)程度上的增加。然而，如果讓他們按照自己意愿選擇吃多少（在知道沒(méi)有獎(jiǎng)賞的情況下），則與那些沒(méi)有獎(jiǎng)賞只是重復(fù)性的暴露在其“目標(biāo)蔬菜”中的孩子相比，那些早期試驗(yàn)中曾得到貼紙做獎(jiǎng)賞的小孩吃了更多的“目標(biāo)蔬菜”。
在之后一個(gè)月及三個(gè)月的跟進(jìn)中，不管接受哪種條件干預(yù)的小孩，都持續(xù)保持著對(duì)其“目標(biāo)蔬菜”增加的喜愛(ài)。但就食用量來(lái)說(shuō)（在知道沒(méi)有獎(jiǎng)賞前提下選擇食用），只有得到貼紙和口頭獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的小孩表現(xiàn)出持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)。
為什么之前的研究，聲稱(chēng)“賄賂”會(huì)破壞小孩的內(nèi)部動(dòng)機(jī)，反而使小孩更加不喜歡吃那些食物呢？Cooke和她的同事認(rèn)為，可能是因?yàn)橐郧皩?shí)驗(yàn)室研究所選用的目標(biāo)食物，或許本來(lái)就是小孩自己所喜歡的。值得注意的是，以前的社區(qū)研究所報(bào)道過(guò)的“使用獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)方法讓小孩吃原先不喜歡的蔬菜的成功應(yīng)用”和本研究的結(jié)果是一致的。
本研究的一個(gè)重要細(xì)節(jié)是，口頭獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和有形獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的效力是幾乎相同的。“在家庭情景中，社會(huì)性獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)也許會(huì)更加有用，”研究人員說(shuō)，“這也許是因?yàn)椋瑑H獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)挑三揀四的小孩，會(huì)讓其他小孩覺(jué)得不公平，而這也可以幫助父母?jìng)儽苊獗恢肛?zé)。”
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